منابع مشابه
Braid Forcing and Star-shaped Train Tracks
Global results are proved about the way in which Boyland’s forcing partial order organizes a set of braid types: those of periodic orbits of Smale’s horseshoe map for which the associated train track is a star. This is a special case of a conjecture introduced in [dCHb], which claims that forcing organizes all horseshoe braid types into linearly ordered families which are, in turn, parameterize...
متن کاملFree-group Automorphisms, Train Tracks, and the Beaded Decomposition
We study the automorphisms φ of a finitely generated free group F . Building on the train-track technology of Bestvina, Feighn and Handel, we provide a topological representative f : G→ G of a power of φ that behaves very much like the realization on the rose of a positive automorphism. This resemblance is encapsulated in the Beaded Decomposition Theorem which describes the structure of paths i...
متن کاملStretching factors, metrics and train tracks for free products
In this paper we develop the metric theory for the outer space of a free product of groups. This generalizes the theory of the outer space of a free group, and includes its relative versions. The outer space of a free product is made of G-trees with possibly non-trivial vertex stabilisers. The strategies are the same as in the classical case, with some technicalities arising from the presence o...
متن کاملTrain tracks and surface groups acting on hyperbolic spaces
Let Σ be a compact surface, and letM be a path metric space with π1(M) ∼= π1(Σ) and with the universal cover M̃ Gromov hyperbolic. We show that, under certain assumptions, the shortest realisation in M of a multicurve Σ can be approximated by a train track in M . In the case where M is a hyperbolic 3-manifold, this is well known (see for example [Bon]). The main result is stated as Theorem 0.1 h...
متن کاملEfficient dispatching rules on double tracks with heterogeneous train traffic
The most natural and popular dispatching rule for double-track segments is to dedicate one track for trains traveling in one direction. However, sometimes passenger trains have to share some portions of the railway with freight trains and passenger trains are traveling faster and faster nowadays. The major drawback of this dedicated rule is that a fast train can be caught behind a slow train an...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Transactions of the American Mathematical Society
سال: 1988
ISSN: 0002-9947
DOI: 10.1090/s0002-9947-1988-0951627-9